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Finally, in the spring of 431, a Spartan ally, Thebes, attacked an Athenian ally, Plataea, and open war began. Diplomatic efforts to resolve the dispute failed. On the advice of Pericles, its most influential leader, Athens refused to back down. Sparta and its allies accused Athens of aggression and threatened war. Fighting ensued, and the Athenians then took steps that explicitly violated the Thirty Years’ Treaty. The events that led to renewed hostilities began in 433, when Athens allied itself with Corcyra (modern Corfu), a strategically important colony of Corinth. In the following years their respective blocs observed an uneasy peace. Further, the Athenians were better prepared financially than their enemies, owing to the large war chest they had amassed from the regular tribute they received from their empire.Īthens and Sparta had fought each other before the outbreak of the Great Peloponnesian War (in what is sometimes called the First Peloponnesian War) but had agreed to a truce, called the Thirty Years’ Treaty, in 445. Thus, the Athenians had the stronger navy and the Spartans the stronger army. Sparta was leader of an alliance of independent states that included most of the major land powers of the Peloponnese and central Greece, as well as the sea power Corinth. The Athenian alliance was, in fact, an empire that included most of the island and coastal states around the northern and eastern shores of the Aegean Sea.

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